L’articolo esamina la genesi del neoconservatorismo statunitense - inteso principalmente come movimento intellettuale e gruppo di pressione politica - e le sue posizioni rispetto alla politica estera nel periodo che va dagli anni Settanta a oggi. In particolare offre una definizione del movimento nella quale centrale è il nazionalismo universalista e liberale del progetto neoconservatore, e il conseguente rigetto delle limitazioni alla sovranità degli Stati Uniti conseguenti alle tante interdipendenze che hanno finito per contraddistinguere l’ordine globale negli ultimi Cinquant’anni.

This volume has 41 chapters written to honor the 100th birthday of Mario Bunge. It celebrates the work of this influential Argentine/Canadian physicist and philosopher. Contributions show the value of Bunge’s science-informed philosophy and his systematic approach to philosophical problems. The chapters explore the exceptionally wide spectrum of Bunge’s contributions to: metaphysics, methodology and philosophy of science, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of physics, philosophy of psychology, philosophy of social science, philosophy of biology, philosophy of technology, moral philosophy, social and (...) political philosophy, medical philosophy, and education. The contributors include scholars from 16 countries. Bunge combines ontological realism with epistemological fallibilism. He believes that science provides the best and most warranted knowledge of the natural and social world, and that such knowledge is the only sound basis for moral decision making and social and political reform. Bunge argues for the unity of knowledge. In his eyes, science and philosophy constitute a fruitful and necessary partnership. Readers will discover the wisdom of this approach and will gain insight into the utility of cross-disciplinary scholarship. This anthology will appeal to researchers, students, and teachers in philosophy of science, social science, and liberal education programmes. 1. Introduction Section I. An Academic Vocation Section II. Philosophy Section III. Physics and Philosophy of Physics Section IV. Cognitive Science and Philosophy of Mind Section V. Sociology and Social Theory Section VI. Ethics and Political Philosophy Section VII. Biology and Philosophy of Biology Section VIII. Mathematics Section IX. Education Section X. Varia Section XI. Bibliography. (shrink)

Se realizó esta investigación con el objetivo de describir la evolución histórica del Hospital Provincial Docente de Oncología "María Curie" de Camagüey. Surgió con la constitución de la Liga Contra el Cáncer en Camagüey en 1941 hasta su desaparición en 1960, que logró el propósito inicial de construir un dispensario anticanceroso. Debido a la mala atención médica brindada por los gobiernos republicanos se destacó el gesto desinteresado del pueblo camagüeyano con su aporte económico para la construcción de este dispensario. Con (...) el triunfo revolucionario se logró transformar en hospital, que junto al desarrollo de la Oncología en la provincia, es actualmente un centro de alto nivel científico para la atención al pueblo. La información fue obtenida de personalidades que participaron en su creación, fotos y periódicos de la época, además de documentos existentes en el Archivo Histórico de Camagüey. An investigation was carried out with the objective of describing the historical evolution of the Provincial Teaching Oncology Hospital “María Curie” of Camagüey. It was originated with the constitution of the League against Cancer in Camagüey in 1941 until its disappearance in 1960, achieving the initial purpose of building up an anti-cancerous dispensary. Due to the bad medical attention given by the republican governments, it stood out the generous gesture of the people of Camagüey with its economic contribution for the construction of this dispensary. With the triumph of the revolution it was turned into a hospital, which together with the development of the oncology in the province is currently a high scientific level center for the attention of the people. The information was obtained from personalities that took part in its creation, photos and papers of the period, along with documents of the Historical Archive of Camagüey. (shrink)

This book gathers experiences, reflections and new pedagogical proposals that are being incorporated to the teaching practices, in different levels of the technical education in our countries. The authors' interventions, which cover different perspectives and depth, allow us to understand and evaluate: the trajectories that technical education has had since its origins with the advances and setbacks it has experienced with political, economic and productive changes; the methodologies to incorporate the new models of industrial production; the experiences of education for (...) entrepreneurship; and, technical-professional education in development processes. (shrink)

Experiencia educativa sobre el IES Jovellanos en Gijón España.

Does the Ship of Theseus present a genuine puzzle about persistence due to conflicting intuitions based on “continuity of form” and “continuity of matter” pulling in opposite directions? Philosophers are divided. Some claim that it presents a genuine puzzle but disagree over whether there is a solution. Others claim that there is no puzzle at all since the case has an obvious solution. To assess these proposals, we conducted a cross-cultural study involving nearly 3,000 people across twenty-two countries, speaking eighteen (...) different languages. Our results speak against the proposal that there is no puzzle at all and against the proposal that there is a puzzle but one that has no solution. Our results suggest that there are two criteria—“continuity of form” and “continuity of matter”— that constitute our concept of persistence and these two criteria receive different weightings in settling matters concerning persistence. (shrink)

As systems based on opaque Artificial Intelligence (AI) continue to flourish in diverse real-world applications, understanding these black box models has become paramount. In response, Explainable AI (XAI) has emerged as a field of research with practical and ethical benefits across various domains. This paper not only highlights the advancements in XAI and its application in real-world scenarios but also addresses the ongoing challenges within XAI, emphasizing the need for broader perspectives and collaborative efforts. We bring together experts from diverse (...) fields to identify open problems, striving to synchronize research agendas and accelerate XAI in practical applications. By fostering collaborative discussion and interdisciplinary cooperation, we aim to propel XAI forward, contributing to its continued success. Our goal is to put forward a comprehensive proposal for advancing XAI. To achieve this goal, we present a manifesto of 27 open problems categorized into nine categories. These challenges encapsulate the complexities and nuances of XAI and offer a road map for future research. For each problem, we provide promising research directions in the hope of harnessing the collective intelligence of interested stakeholders. (shrink)

Philosophers have long debated whether, if determinism is true, we should hold people morally responsible for their actions since in a deterministic universe, people are arguably not the ultimate source of their actions nor could they have done otherwise if initial conditions and the laws of nature are held fixed. To reveal how non-philosophers ordinarily reason about the conditions for free will, we conducted a cross-cultural and cross-linguistic survey (N = 5,268) spanning twenty countries and sixteen languages. Overall, participants tended (...) to ascribe moral responsibility whether the perpetrator lacked sourcehood or alternate possibilities. However, for American, European, and Middle Eastern participants, being the ultimate source of one’s actions promoted perceptions of free will and control as well as ascriptions of blame and punishment. By contrast, being the source of one’s actions was not particularly salient to Asian participants. Finally, across cultures, participants exhibiting greater cognitive reflection were more likely to view free will as incompatible with causal determinism. We discuss these findings in light of documented cultural differences in the tendency toward dispositional versus situational attributions. (shrink)

L'autore parte dall'analisi dei problemi etici espressi nei linguaggi della poesia, della tragedia e della storiografia, per passare poi alla lettura delle maggiori opere del pensiero antico, fornendo di ognuna puntuali introduzioni. Un'attenzione particolare, alla fine di ogni capitolo, è dedicata all'eredità moderna e al significato attuale dei problemi dell'etica antica, proponendo in modo esplicito un collegamento fra ricostruzione storica e discussione teorica contemporanea.

Since at least Hume and Kant, philosophers working on the nature of aesthetic judgment have generally agreed that common sense does not treat aesthetic judgments in the same way as typical expressions of subjective preferences—rather, it endows them with intersubjective validity, the property of being right or wrong regardless of disagreement. Moreover, this apparent intersubjective validity has been taken to constitute one of the main explananda for philosophical accounts of aesthetic judgment. But is it really the case that most people (...) spontaneously treat aesthetic judgments as having intersubjective validity? In this paper, we report the results of a cross‐cultural study with over 2,000 respondents spanning 19 countries. Despite significant geographical variations, these results suggest that most people do not treat their own aesthetic judgments as having intersubjective validity. We conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for theories of aesthetic judgment and the purpose of aesthetics in general. (shrink)

In the remainder of this article, we will disarm an important motivation for epistemic contextualism and interest-relative invariantism. We will accomplish this by presenting a stringent test of whether there is a stakes effect on ordinary knowledge ascription. Having shown that, even on a stringent way of testing, stakes fail to impact ordinary knowledge ascription, we will conclude that we should take another look at classical invariantism. Here is how we will proceed. Section 1 lays out some limitations of previous (...) research on stakes. Section 2 presents our study and concludes that there is little evidence for a substantial stakes effect. Section 3 responds to objections. The conclusion clears the way for classical invariantism. (shrink)

This article examines whether people share the Gettier intuition (viz. that someone who has a true justified belief that p may nonetheless fail to know that p) in 24 sites, located in 23 countries (counting Hong Kong as a distinct country) and across 17 languages. We also consider the possible influence of gender and personality on this intuition with a very large sample size. Finally, we examine whether the Gettier intuition varies across people as a function of their disposition to (...) engage in “reflective” thinking. (shrink)

Is behavioral integration a necessary feature of belief in folk psychology? Our data from over 5,000 people across 26 samples, spanning 22 countries suggests that it is not. Given the surprising cross-cultural robustness of our findings, we argue that the types of evidence for the ascription of a belief are, at least in some circumstances, lexicographically ordered: assertions are first taken into account, and when an agent sincerely asserts that p, nonlinguistic behavioral evidence is disregarded. In light of this, we (...) take ourselves to have discovered a universal principle governing the ascription of beliefs in folk psychology. (shrink)

Generalmente los comentadores han abordado la temática de la intuición en la filosofía de Spinoza desde la perspectiva de la problemática de lo que en la Ética aparece como ciencia intuitiva o tercer genero de conocimiento. En el presente artículo, en cambio, intentamos mostrar que hay en los escritos de Spinoza un concepto de intuición más amplio que el que está implícito en la ciencia intuitiva, del cual esta no sería más que una subespecie. Como paso previo para alcanzar dicho (...) fin, intentaremos mostrar que la concepción de la intuición que sostiene Spinoza está estrechamente emparentada con la concepción cartesiana -de la cual ofrecemos un breve esbozo en el primer apartado- y que ambas concepciones tienen como fundamento la naturaleza de la idea. Generally, critics had tackle the issue of intuition in Spinoza’s philosophy from the point of view of the problem of what in the Ethics is called intuitive science or third kind of knowledge. In the present paper, instead, we try to show that there is in Spinoza`s writings a wider concept of intuition than that which is implied in the intuitive science, being the later no more than a sub-kind of the former. As a previous step to achieve this target, we try to show that Spinoza`s conception of intuition is narrowly tied with the Cartesian conception -of which we offer a brief draft in the first part- and that both conceptions are based on the nature of the idea. (shrink)

La Ciencia de la Administración está hoy preocupada por el conocimiento, en tanto un factor reconocido de valorización de las organizaciones subsumidas hoy en las llamadas Sociedad del Conocimiento. La Gestión del Conocimiento ocupa entonces un primer plano, pues sería la encargada de extraer las mayores utilidades posibles no sólo del conocimiento disponible, sino también del que pueda producirse. No obstante, por basarse en la vieja pero pregnante concepción del conocimiento, esta Gestión conlleva supuestos que presentan dificultades e inconsistencias, así (...) como conduce a falsos problemas. Mi intención es entonces proponer un modo alternativo de concebir el conocimiento que no dé por supuesto que consiste en una representación que está en la mente de sus portadores pero que puede almacenarse en soportes de distintos tipos sin perder su valor. A partir de ella podré desarrollar una reflexión crítica sobre la Gestión del Conocimiento que tal vez abra posibilidades de establecer alguna diferencia crítica en sus propuestas y actividades, atendiendo a la diversidad de los procesos y peculiaridades de nuestras sociedades y organizaciones. (shrink)

Este artículo utiliza las intuiciones de Carole Pateman, en su libro El contrato sexual, para criticar la manera en que las instituciones cuya racionalidad y legitimidad emergen del contractualismo moderno no consideran en igualdad de condiciones a las personas con discapacidad. Esto, a consecuencia de que el contrato social presupone ideas unívocas de racionalidad y cooperación que se definen a partir de los parámetros de las personas sin discapacidad. Así, el paradigma del capacitismo, que identifica a la ciudadanía con la (...) posesión de capacidades regulares, genera un contrato funcional que invisibiliza y naturaliza la discriminación fundada en la discapacidad. (shrink)

IntroductionRheumatologists are the primary healthcare professionals responsible for patients with rheumatic diseases and should acquire medical ethical competencies, such as the informed consent process. The objective clinical structured examination is a valuable tool for assessing clinical competencies. We report the performance of 90 rheumatologist trainees participating in a station designed to evaluate the ICP during the 2018 and 2019 national accreditations.MethodsThe station was validated and represented a medical encounter in which the rheumatologist informed a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus with (...) clinically active nephritis about renal biopsy. A trained patient–actor and an evaluator were instructed to assess ICP skills in obtaining formal informed consent, delivering bad news and overall communication with patients. The evaluator used a tailored checklist and form.ResultsCandidate performance varied with ICP content and was superior for potential benefit information but significantly reduced for potential complications and biopsy description. Only 17.8% of the candidates mentioned the legal perspective of ICP. Death was omitted by the majority of the candidates ; after the patient–actor challenged candidates, only 57.1% of them gave a clear and positive answer. Evaluators frequently rated candidate communications skills as superior, but ≥1 negative aspect was identified in 69% of the candidates.ConclusionsEthical competencies are mandatory for professional rheumatologists. It seems necessary to include an ethics competency framework in the curriculum throughout the rheumatology residency. (shrink)

En este artículo se cuestiona si el arte, y el objeto estético en general (lo bello) puede ser pensado desde la perspectiva de la nueva corriente filosófica del realismo especulativo. El asunto es enfocado bajo una doble perspectiva: lo que sería una concepción ontológica de lo estética y lo que sería una concepción estética de la ontología. Sólo bajo este doble enfoque es posible responder al desafío que lo estético plantea al pensamiento ontológico en general.

Las definiciones ocupan un lugar muy importante en la _Ética_ de Spinoza, sin embargo, su naturaleza y su función permanecen aún en gran medida bajo un manto de oscuridad. Tal es así que numerosos comentadores han abordado el tema aunque nunca se ha llegado a un acuerdo definitivo. En el presente trabajo revisitaremos esta vieja cuestión comenzando por una reconstrucción de la doctrina spinoziana de la definición expuesta en diferentes partes del _corpus_. Para ello tomaremos como punto de referencia la (...) oposición entre definición real y definición nominal tal como aparece delineada en la doctrina de la _Lógica_ de Port Royal. Luego ofreceremos un examen de la naturaleza y función de las definiciones de la _Ética_. El recorrido realizado aquí nos permitirá, por un lado, determinar cuál de las interpretaciones en juego tiene mejores fundamentos y, por el otro, arrojar luz sobre la función de las definiciones en la metodología spinoziana. (shrink)

El presente artículo busca presentar el proyecto institucional Árbol de la Memoria, el cual consistió en la recuperación de la memoria de 13 trabajadores forestales y agrarios de la Corporación Nacional Forestal Región de La Araucanía, Chile, que fueron asesinados entre los días 6 y 7 de octubre de 1973 en los fundos “Carmen, Maitenes y Pemehue”, en lo que es actualmente la Reserva Nacional Malleco, sector los Guindos, comuna de Collipulli y de Mulchén. A lo largo del artículo se (...) realiza un análisis cualitativo y estudio de caso, presentando extractos de entrevistas realizadas a los familiares directos de las víctimas, como así también una problematización teórica mediante la utilización de bibliografía especializada que otorga una explicación de los sucesos acaecidos y los peligros actuales que enfrenta el sitio. (shrink)

In present times, social changes affect our ethos; it is a time plenty of issues and disputes on traditional ethical conceptions as well as on present ones which try to give ethical responses to new situations. With the aim of exploring a possibility of thinking our present, I will here try to explore the interpretation matrix with which modern ethos has been articulated, and which -with some modifications- still finds its way into present times. Starting from this precision, I will (...) move forward along a route of inquiry which opens up to us when we do not place ourselves from the point of view of "God's eye", i.e., when we cease to focus our reflections on what I have called the theological problem of modernity, and instead deal with the problem of the social construction of moral norms. The attempt to give reason of a secular moral position -freed from the presuppositionsof the beginnings of modern times- will lead to the distinction between moral, understood as a human group's customs and habits and ethics as the critique of established moral. I will hold that the construction of moral norms comes into play in the tension between moral and ethics.En nuestro presente, los cambios sociales afectan a nuestro ethos, así como abundan los cuestionamientos y disputas sobre las concepciones éticas tradicionales y también sobre las actuales propuestas que intentan dar respuestas éticas a las nuevas situaciones. Con el objeto de explorar una posibilidad de pensar nuestra actualidad, trataré aquí de precisar la matriz de interpretación con la que se ha articulado el ethos moderno y que perdura con modificaciones hasta nuestros días. A partir de tal precisión, avanzaré por un camino de indagación que se abre cuando no nos ubicamos en la perspectiva del "ojo de Dios", esto es, cuando dejamos de centrar la reflexión en el que he llamado problema teológico de la modernidad, para ocuparnos del problema de la construcción social de las normas morales. El intento por dar cuenta de una moral secular que no quede lastrada con presupuestos de los inicios de la modernidad, llevará a diferenciar entre la moral, entendida como los usos y costumbres de un grupo humano, y la ética como crítica de la moral establecida. En la tensión entre moral y ética sostendré que se juega la construcción de las normas morales. (shrink)

El artículo examina una serie de tensiones y conflictos propios del así llamado cosmopolitismo institucional y su correlato: la idea de la justicia global. Se persiguen dos tipos de reflexión, a saber, una reflexión propositiva respecto del sentido de la idea de justicia global y su vínculo con la justicia doméstica (nacional), y, por otro lado, una reflexión defensiva y dirigida a los escépticos respecto de la posibilidad de una teoría de la justicia conglomerante, según lo denomina Amartya Sen. Se (...) dibujarán las líneas argumentativas básicas en defensa del cosmopolitismo institucional, desde las cuales se hace posible capturar, sin contradicción, las demandas de la así llamada justicia social doméstica, esto es, la justicia en el contexto estricto de los Estado-nación particulares. (shrink)

The article explains and advocates in favor of Quentin Meillassoux’s proposal of “irreligious philosophy” or “philosophical irreligion”, that is, of a third position between religion and atheism that defends the conception of a nonexistent God and a God to come, as well as an ethical-philosophical recovery of the notions of hope, immortality, justice, and divinity. With references to different thinkers in the history of philosophy, we seek to frame the meaning and value of Meillassoux’s conception. After a brief exposition of (...) his philosophy, the critical-philosophical recovery of basic religious concepts is carried out in successive sections, to conclude with a brief exposition of Meillassoux’s refutation of “nihilism”, an important philosophical task like none in our time. (shrink)

This article aims to illustrate some potential approaches to the social crisis due to the pandemic: through highlighting some “basic” differences between the philosophical thought and the ambition of the political strategy, it analyses the theoretical prerequisites of a purely political program as the one that has been advocated in France by a theorist and a politician such as Jean-Luc Mélenchon. It is likely that it will be noticed that the two approaches – the long range reflection and the political (...) strategy- are neither equal by themselves nor forcedly opposite, neither in contradiction nor necessarily incompatible, neither impossible to be put together nor actually really in a dialogue. (shrink)

El objetivo del presente trabajo es explicar la relación entre las nociones de discurso y acción en un marco pragmático trascendental. El trabajo comienza con una presentación de la primera noción y de la idea de pretensión de validez. Luego son examinadas algunas objeciones a la justificación última de la ética, formulada por Apel. La conclusión es que es posible una respuesta a esas objeciones mediante la diferenciación entre dos niveles de la relación entre discurso y acción: un nivel fáctico (...) y uno trascendental. The aim of this paper is to explain the relation between the notions of discourse and action in a transcendental-pragmatic frame. The paper begins with a presentation of the first notion and the idea of validity claim. After that, some objections to Apel's ultimate justifications of ethic are examined. The conclusion is that an answer to these objections is possible throw the difference between two levels of the relation between discourse and action: a real level and a transcendental one. (shrink)